[토플배경지식]단어/표현+해석(5)링컨 대통령의 뇌: President Lincoln's Brain(The 19th Century)

Abraham Lincoln's head injury may heave caused his sadness.

Abraham Lincoln was president of the U.S. during the War Between the States, from 1861 to 1865. He led the nation in wartime despite serious mental trouble including extreme sadness. He also had trouble with his muscles and eyesight.

 

What made Lincoln such a sick and miserable man? There is evidence that Lincoln suffered from brain damage as a result of a head injury when he was a boy.

 

At age 10, Lincoln one day was driving a horse in a mill for grinding grain. The horse was moving slowly. Irritated, Lincoln struck her with a stick. The horse's response was a kick that hit Lincoln in the forehead and left him unconscious for hours. No medical care was available because the nearest doctor was far away. Although at one point Lincoln was presumed to be dead, he recovered.

 

After healing, Lincoln's wound left a dent on his forehead above the left eye. The dent may be seen clearly in a mask made of Lincoln's face in 1860, just before the war began. This shows where his skull was fractured. 

 

How did Lincoln's injury affect him later in life? No clinical study of Lincoln's head wound and its effects appears to have been made during his lifetime. Today, we could use x-rays to look for brain injury, but the first x-ray images were not made until many years after Lincoln died.

 

Still, we can tell much about Lincoln's brain injury just by looking at his pictures. A 20th-century doctor, Edward J. Kempf, examined photographs of Lincon's face and found evidence that the head wound and brain damage had a serious effect on Lincoln's appearance and muscle system. 

 

Lincoln's left eye, for example, was higher than the right and tended to turn upward. In one photo, the left eye is also plainly out of focus. Kempf thought this condition was due to weakness in muscles that move the eyeball.

 

There was something unusual about Lincoln's lips as well. The left half of the upper lip appeared less active than the right. Also, the right half of the lower lip extends notably outward, drawn in that direction by cheek muscles. 

 

These and other unusual features of Lincoln's face may not prove that he had brain damage. If he had such damage, however, then it might help to explain why Lincoln was such a gloomy and troubled man.

 

 

● Vocabulary and Phrase in Translated Sentence

1. miserable: 비참한

→ What made / Lincoln / such a sick and miserable man?

    무엇이 만들었을까 / Lincoln을 / 그렇게 병들고 비참한 사람으로?

 

2. irritated: 짜증난, 화난

→ Irritated, / Lincoln struck her / with a stick.

   신경질이 나서, / Lincoln은 말을 때렸다 / 막대기로

 

3. unconscious: 의식을 잃은, 의식이 없는

→ The horse's response was a kick that hit Lincoln in the forehead / and left him unconscious for hours.

    말은 Lincoln의 이마를 찼고 / 그는 몇시간 동안 의식을 잃었다. 

 

4. presume: (실질적인 증거는 없지만 사실 일 것이라고) 추정하다

→ Although at one point Lincoln was presumed to be dead, / he recovered.

   어느 순간 Lincoln은 추정되었지만 / 죽은 것으로, / 그는 회복했다.

 

5. dent: 움푹 들어간(찌그러진) 곳

→ After healing, Lincoln's wound left a dent / on his forehead above the left eye.

   치료 후, / Lincoln의 상처는 움푹 들어간 자국으로 남았다 / 왼쪽 눈 위 이마에

 

6. fractured: 골절이 되다, 파열되다

→ This shows / where his skull was fractured.

    이것은 보여준다 / 그의 두개골의 어느 부분이 골절 되었는지를

 

7. affect: 영향을 미치다

→ How did Lincoln's injury affect him / later in life?

    어떻게 Lincon의 상처는 영향을 미쳤을까 / 이후 그의 삶에

 

8. injury: 부상

→ Today, / we could use x-rays to look for / brain injury, / but the first x-ray images were not made / until many years after Lincoln died.

    오늘날, / 우리는 x-ray를 사용하여 찾아 볼수 있다 / 뇌의 상처를, / 그러나 최초의 x-ray 이미지는 만들어지지 않았다 / Lincoln이 죽은 후 수년이 지날 때까지

 

9. plainly: 분명히 (= clearly)

→ In one photo, / the left eye is also plainly out of focus.

    어떤 사진에서는,/ 왼쪽 눈도 확실히 초점을 벗어나 있다

 

10. notably: 특히 (=especially)

→ Also, / the right half of the lower lip extends / notably outward, / drawn in that direction / by cheek muscles.
    또한, / 아랫입술의 오른쪽 반은 돌출되었다 / 눈에 띄게 바깥으로, / 그 쪽 방향으로 당겨져서 / 볼 근육에 의해